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<title>START I</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">START I</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the treaty signed in 1991. For the current treaty, see <a href="New_START" title="New START">New START</a>. For the rocket, see <a href="Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">START</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty <br>Договор о сокращении стратегических наступательных вооружений</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Presidents <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> sign START, 31 July 1991</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Strategic_nuclear_weapon" title="Strategic nuclear weapon">Strategic</a> <a href="Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1982 – June 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ratification of both parties</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expiration</th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 2009</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">

<ul><li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>

<li><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Russian, English</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>START I</b> (<b>Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty</b>) was a <a href="Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">bilateral treaty</a> between the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 <a href="Nuclear_warheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warheads">nuclear warheads</a> and a total of 1,600 intercontinental <a href="Ballistic_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic missiles">ballistic missiles</a> (<a href="ICBMs" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBMs">ICBMs</a>) and bombers.

</p><p>START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence. Proposed by <a href="US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, it was renamed <b>START I</b> after negotiations began on <a href="START_II" title="START II">START II</a>.

</p><p>The treaty expired on 5 December 2009.

</p><p>On 8 April 2010, the replacement <a href="New_START" title="New START">New START</a> Treaty was signed in <a href="Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> by US President <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Russian President <a href="Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>. Following its ratification by the <a href="US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> and the <a href="Federal_Assembly_of_Russia" title="Federal Assembly of Russia">Federal Assembly of Russia</a>, the treaty went into force on 5 February 2011, extending deep reductions of American and Soviet or Russian <a href="Strategic_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic nuclear weapons">strategic nuclear weapons</a> through February 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-nti.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nti.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-state.org/new-start_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.org/new-start-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposal">Proposal</h2></div>

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<p>The START proposal was first announced by <a href="US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in a commencement address at his alma mater, <a href="Eureka_College" title="Eureka College">Eureka College</a>, on 9 May 1982,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and presented by Reagan in <a href="Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> on 29 June 1982. He proposed a dramatic reduction in strategic forces in two phases, which he referred to as SALT III.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first phase would reduce overall warhead counts on any missile type to 5,000, with an additional limit of 2,500 on <a href="ICBMs" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBMs">ICBMs</a>. Additionally, a total of 850 ICBMs would be allowed, with a limit of 110 "heavy throw" missiles like the <a href="SS-18" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-18">SS-18</a> and additional limitations on the total "throw weight" of the missiles.

</p><p>The second phase introduced similar limits on <a href="Heavy_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy bombers">heavy bombers</a> and their warheads, as well as other strategic systems.

</p><p>The US then had a commanding lead in strategic bombers. The aging <a href="Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> force was a credible strategic threat but was equipped with only <a href="AGM-86" class="mw-redirect" title="AGM-86">AGM-86</a> cruise missiles beginning in 1982 because of Soviet air defense improvements in the early 1980s. The US had begun to introduce the new <a href="B-1_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 Lancer">B-1B Lancer</a> quasi-stealth bomber as well and was secretly developing the Advanced Technology Bomber (ATB) project, which would eventually result in the <a href="B-2_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="B-2 Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a> stealth bomber.

</p><p>The Soviet force was of little threat to the US, on the other hand, as it was tasked almost entirely with attacking US convoys in the <a href="Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> and land targets on the Eurasian landmass. Although the Soviets had 1,200 medium and heavy bombers, only 150 of them (<a href="Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95s</a> and <a href="Myasishchev_M-4" title="Myasishchev M-4">Myasishchev M-4s</a>) could reach North America (the latter only by in-flight refueling). They also faced difficulty penetrating US airspace, which was smaller and less defended. Having too few bombers available compared to US bomber numbers was evened out by the US forces being required to penetrate the Soviet airspace, which is much larger and more defended.

</p><p>That changed in 1984, when new <a href="Tu-95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-95">Tu-95</a>MS and <a href="Tu-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-160">Tu-160</a> bombers appeared and were equipped with the first Soviet <a href="Kh-55" title="Kh-55">AS-15</a> cruise missiles. By limiting the phasing in, it was proposed that the US would be left with a strategic advantage for a time.

</p><p>As <i><a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine put it, "Under Reagan's ceilings, the US would have to make considerably less of an adjustment in its strategic forces than would the Soviet Union. That feature of the proposal will almost certainly prompt the Soviets to charge that it is unfair and one-sided. No doubt some American arms-control advocates will agree, accusing the Administration of making the Kremlin an offer it cannot possibly accept—a deceptively equal-looking, deliberately nonnegotiable proposal that is part of what some suspect is the hardliners' secret agenda of sabotaging disarmament so that the US can get on with the business of rearmament." However, <i>Time</i> pointed out, "The Soviets' monstrous ICBMs have given them a nearly 3-to-1 advantage over the US in 'throw weight'—the cumulative power to 'throw' megatons of death and destruction at the other nation."

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2></div>

<p>Three institutes ran studies in regards to the estimated costs that the US government would have to pay to implement START I: the <a href="Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> (CBO), the <a href="US_Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate Foreign Relations Committee">US Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> (SFRC), and the <a href="Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a> (IDA). The CBO estimates assumed that the full-implementation cost would consist of a one-time cost of $410 to 1,830 million and that the continuing annual costs would be $100 to 390 million.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The SFRC had estimates of $200 to 1,000 million for one-time costs and that total inspection costs over the 15 years of the treaty would be $1,250 to 2,050 million.<sup id="cite_ref-The_START_Treaty_1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_START_Treaty_1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Finally, the IDA estimated only the verification costs, which it claimed to be around $760 million.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In addition to the costs of implementing the treaty, the US also aided the former Soviet republics with the <a href="Nunn%E2%80%93Lugar_Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" title="Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction">Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (Nunn-Lugar Program)</a>, which added $591 million to the costs of implementing the START I program in the former Soviet Union, which would almost double the cost of the program for the US.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After the treaty's implementation, the former Soviet Union's stock of nuclear weapons fell from 12,000 to 3,500. The US would also save money since it would not have to be concerned with the upkeep and innovations of its nuclear forces. The CBO estimated that would amount to a total saving of $46 billion in the first five years of the treaty and around $130 billion until 2010, which would pay for the cost of the implementation of the treaty about twenty times over.<sup id="cite_ref-The_START_Treaty_1992_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_START_Treaty_1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The other risk associated with START was the failure of compliance on the side of Russia. The US Senate Defence Committee expressed concerns that Russia could covertly produce missiles, produce false numbers regarding the numbers of warheads, and monitor cruise missiles.

</p><p>The Joint Chiefs of Staff assessment of those situations determined the risk of a significant treaty violation within acceptable limits. Another risk would be the ability of Russia to perform espionage during the inspection of US bases and military facilities. The risk was also determined to be an acceptable factor by the assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Considering the potential savings from the implementation of START I and its relatively-low risk factor, Reagan and the US government deemed it a reasonable plan of action towards the goal of disarmament.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2></div>

<p>Negotiations for START I began in May 1982, but continued negotiation of the START process was delayed several times because US agreement terms were considered nonnegotiable by pre-Gorbachev Soviet rulers. Reagan's introduction of the <a href="Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a> (SDI) program in 1983 was viewed as a threat by the Soviets, who withdrew from setting a timetable for further negotiations. In January 1985, however, US Secretary of State <a href="George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> and Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> discussed a formula for a three-part negotiation strategy that included intermediate-range forces, strategic defense, and missile defense. During the <a href="Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a> between Reagan and Gorbachev in October 1986, negotiations towards the implementation of the START Program were accelerated and turned towards the reduction of strategic weapons after the <a href="Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a> was signed in December 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, a dramatic <a href="Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a> proceeded in the 1980s. It ended in 1991 with nuclear parity preservation with 10,000 strategic warheads on both sides.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verification_tools">Verification tools</h2></div>

<p>The verification regimes in arms control treaties contain many tools to hold parties accountable for their actions and violations of their treaty agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-nti.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nti.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The START Treaty verification provisions were the most complicated and demanding of any agreement at the time by providing twelve different types of inspection. Data exchanges and declarations between parties became required and included exact quantities, technical characteristics, locations, movements, and the status of all offensive nuclear threats. The <a href="National_technical_means_of_verification" title="National technical means of verification">national technical means of verification</a> (NTM) provision protected satellites and other information-gathering systems controlled by the verifying side, as they helped to verify adherence to international treaties. The international technical means of verification provision protected the multilateral technical systems specified in other treaties. Co-operative measures were established to facilitate verification by the NTM and included displaying items in plain sight and not hiding them from detection. The new on-site inspections (OSI) and Perimeter and Portal Continuous Monitoring (PPCM) provisions helped to maintain the treaty's integrity by providing a regulatory system handled by a representative from the verifying side at all times.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, access to <a href="Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> from ballistic missile flight tests was required, including exchanges of tapes and a ban on encryption and encapsulation from both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signing">Signing</h2></div>

<p>Negotiations that led to the signing of the treaty began in May 1982. In November 1983, the Soviet Union "discontinued" communication with the US, which had deployed intermediate-range missiles in Europe. In January 1985, <a href="US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> and <a href="Soviet_Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Foreign Minister">Soviet Foreign Minister</a> <a href="Andrey_Gromyko" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Gromyko">Andrey Gromyko</a> negotiated a three-part plan, including strategic weapons, intermediate missiles, and missile defense. It received a lot of attention at the <a href="Reykjavik_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavik Summit">Reykjavik Summit</a> between <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and ultimately led to the signing of the <a href="Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a> in December 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-nti.org_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nti.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talk of a comprehensive strategic arms reduction continued, and the START Treaty was officially signed by US President <a href="George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev on 31 July 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<p>There were 375 B-52s flown to the <a href="Aerospace_Maintenance_and_Regeneration_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center">Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center</a> at <a href="Davis-Monthan_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis-Monthan Air Force Base">Davis-Monthan Air Force Base</a>, in Arizona. The bombers were stripped of all usable parts and chopped into five pieces by a 13,000-pound (5,900 kg) steel blade dropped from a crane. The <a href="Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> sliced four times on each plane, which severed the wings and left the fuselage in three pieces. The dissected B-52s remained in place for three months so that Russian satellites could confirm that the bombers had been destroyed, and they were then sold for scrap.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, treaty obligations were passed to twelve Soviet successor states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan each eliminated its one nuclear-related site, and on-site inspections were discontinued. Inspections continued in Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine became non-nuclear weapons states under the <a href="Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> on 1 July 1968 and are committed to it under the 1992 <a href="Lisbon_Protocol" title="Lisbon Protocol">Lisbon Protocol</a> (Protocol to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficacy">Efficacy</h2></div>

<p><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> have disposed of all their nuclear weapons or transferred them to Russia. The US and Russia have reduced the capacity of delivery vehicles to 1,600 each, with no more than 6,000 warheads.

</p><p>A report by the <a href="US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>, "Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments," was released on 28 July 2010 and stated that Russia was not in full compliance with the treaty when it expired on 5 December 2009. The report did not specifically identify Russia's compliance issues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One incident concerning Russia violating the START I Treaty occurred in 1994. It was announced by <a href="Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> Director <a href="John_D._Holum" title="John D. Holum">John Holum</a> in a congressional testimony that Russia had converted its <a href="SS-19" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-19">SS-19</a> ICBM into a space-launch vehicle without notifying the appropriate parties.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia justified the incident by claiming it did not have to follow all of START's reporting policies regarding missiles that had been recreated into space-launch vehicles. In addition to the SS-19, Russia reportedly used <a href="SS-25" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-25">SS-25</a> missiles to assemble space-launch vehicles. The issue that the US had was that it did not have accurate numbers and locations of Russian ICBMs with those violations. The dispute was resolved in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expiration_and_renewal">Expiration and renewal</h2></div>

<p>START I expired on 5 December 2009, but both sides agreed to keep observing the terms of the treaty until a new agreement was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are proposals to renew and expand the treaty, supported by <a href="US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. <a href="Sergei_Rogov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Rogov">Sergei Rogov</a>, director of the Institute of the U.S. and Canada, said: "Obama supports sharp reductions in nuclear arsenals, and I believe that Russia and the U.S. may sign in the summer or fall of 2009 a new treaty that would replace START-1." He added that a new deal would happen only if Washington abandoned plans to place elements of a missile shield in <a href="Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. He expressed willingness "to make new steps in the sphere of disarmament" but said that he was waiting for the US to abandon attempts to "surround Russia with a missile defense ring" in reference to the placement of ten <a href="National_missile_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="National missile defense">interceptor missiles</a> in <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and accompanying radar in the <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.

</p><p>On 17 March 2009, Medvedev signaled that Russia would begin "large-scale" rearmament and renewal of Russia's nuclear arsenal. He accused NATO of expanding near Russian borders and ordered the rearmament to commence in 2011 with an increased army, naval, and nuclear capabilities. Also, the head of Russia's strategic missile forces, Nikolai Solovtsov, told news agencies that Russia would start deploying its next-generation <a href="RS-24" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-24">RS-24</a> missiles after the 5 December expiry of the START I. Russia hopes to form a new treaty. The increased tensions came despite the warming of relations between the US and Russia in the two years since Obama had taken office.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 4 May 2009, the US and Russia began renegotiating START and counting nuclear warheads and their delivery vehicles in making a new agreement. While setting aside problematic issues between the two countries, both sides agreed to make further cuts in the number of warheads deployed to around 1,000 to 1,500 each. The US said that it is open to a Russian proposal to use radar in <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> rather than <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> for the proposed missile system. The <a href="George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a> insisted that the Eastern Europe defense system was intended as a deterrent for <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, but Russia feared that it could be used against itself. The flexibility by both sides to make compromises now will lead to a new phase of arms reduction in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A "Joint understanding for a follow-on agreement to START-1" was signed by Obama and Medvedev in Moscow on 6 July 2009 to reduce the number of deployed warheads on each side to 1,500–1,675 on 500–1,100 delivery systems. A new treaty was to be signed before START-1 expired in December 2009, with reductions to be achieved within seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many months of negotiations,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama and Medvedev signed the successor treaty, <a href="Measures_to_Further_Reduction_and_Limitation_of_Strategic_Offensive_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Measures to Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms">Measures to Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms</a>, in <a href="Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, on 8 April 2010.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_START_Treaty">New START Treaty</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="New_START_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="New START Treaty">New START Treaty</a> imposed even more limitations on the United States and Russia by reducing them to significantly-less strategic arms within seven years of its entering full force. Organized into three tiers, the new treaty focuses on the treaty itself, a protocol containing additional rights and obligations regarding the treaty provisions, and technical annexes.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaonet.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaonet.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The limits were based on rigorous analysis conducted by Department of Defense planners in support of the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review. These aggregate limits consist of 1,550 nuclear warheads, which include warheads on deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles (<a href="ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a>), warheads on deployed submarine-launched ballistic missiles (<a href="SLBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SLBM">SLBM</a>), and even any deployed heavy bomber equipped for nuclear armaments. That is 74% fewer than the limit set in the 1991 Treaty and 30% fewer than the limit of the 2002 <a href="Treaty_of_Moscow_(2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Moscow (2002)">Treaty of Moscow</a>. Both parties will also be limited to 800 deployed and non-deployed ICBM launchers, SLBM launchers, and heavy bombers equipped with nuclear armaments. There is also a separate limit of 700 deployed ICBMs, deployed SLBMs, and deployed heavy bombers equipped for nuclear armaments, which is less than half the corresponding strategic nuclear delivery vehicle limit imposed in the previous treaty. Although the new restrictions have been set, the new treaty does not contain any limitations regarding the testing, developing, or deploying current or planned US missile defense programs and low-range conventional strike capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaonet.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaonet.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The duration of the new treaty is ten years and can be extended for no more than five years at a time. It includes a standard withdrawal clause like most other arms control agreements. Subsequent treaties have superseded the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-ciaonet.org_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciaonet.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorandum_of_Understanding_data">Memorandum of Understanding data</h2></div>

<caption>Russian Federation

</caption>

<th>Date

</th>

<th>Deployed ICBMs and Their Associated Launchers, Deployed SLBMs and Their Associated Launchers, and Deployed Heavy Bombers

</th>

<th>Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Deployed Heavy Bombers

</th>

<th>Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs

</th>

<th>Throw-weight of Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs (Mt)

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>809

</td>

<td>3,897

</td>

<td>3,289

</td>

<td>2,297.0

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="text-align:left">1 January 2009<sup id="cite_ref-start2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<td>814

</td>

<td>3,909

</td>

<td>3,239

</td>

<td>2,301.8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="text-align:left">1 January 2008<sup id="cite_ref-start2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<td>952

</td>

<td>4,147

</td>

<td>3,515

</td>

<td>2,373.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="text-align:left">1 September 1990 (USSR)<sup id="cite_ref-start1990_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start1990-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<td>2,500

</td>

<td>10,271

</td>

<td>9,416

</td>

<td>6,626.3

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<caption>United States of America

</caption>

<th>Date

</th>

<th>Deployed ICBMs and Their Associated Launchers, Deployed SLBMs and Their Associated Launchers, and Deployed Heavy Bombers

</th>

<th>Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs, Deployed SLBMs, and Deployed Heavy Bombers

</th>

<th>Warheads Attributed to Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs

</th>

<th>Throw-weight of Deployed ICBMs and Deployed SLBMs (Mt)

</th></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>1,188

</td>

<td>4268

</td>

<td>3451

</td>

<td>1,857.3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>1 January 2009<sup id="cite_ref-start2009_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<td>1,198

</td>

<td>3989

</td>

<td>3272

</td>

<td>1,717.3

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>1 January 2008<sup id="cite_ref-start2008_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<td>1,225

</td>

<td>4468

</td>

<td>3628

</td>

<td>1,826.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>1 September 1990<sup id="cite_ref-start1990_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-start1990-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</th>

<td>2,246

</td>

<td>10,563

</td>

<td>8,200

</td>

<td>2,361.3

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li>

<li><a href="START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li>

<li><a href="START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li>

<li><a href="New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/50982a.htm">Eureka College Commencement Speech, 1982</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211232234/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921207,00.html">"Time to START, Says Reagan - TIME"</a>. 11 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921207,00.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2007.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Costs of Verification and Compliance Under Pending Arms Treaties, U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, September 1990.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-The_START_Treaty_1992-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_START_Treaty_1992_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_START_Treaty_1992_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The START Treaty, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 18 September 1992.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arms Control Reporter, 1994, pp. 701.D.5-15.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan S. Krass, The United States and Arms Control: The Challenge of Leadership, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT 1997</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KM Kartchner, Negotiating START: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks and the Quest for Strategic Stability</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf, Amy F. "Monitoring and Verification in Arms Control." Congressional Research Service, 23 December 2011, fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R41201.pdf.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freedman, Lawrence D. "Strategic Arms Reduction Talks". Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Strategic-Arms-Reduction-Talks#ref261940.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBudjerynSteiner2019" class="citation web cs1">Budjeryn, Mariana; Steiner, Steven E. (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/forgotten-parties-to-the-inf">"Forgotten Parties to the INF"</a>. <i>Wilson Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisbon Protocol, signed by the five START Parties 23 May 1992.</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Bill_Gertz" title="Bill Gertz">Gertz, Bill</a>, "Russia Violated '91 START Till End, U.S. Report Finds", <i><a href="Washington_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Times">Washington Times</a></i>, 28 July 2010, p. 1.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Revitalized ACDA in the Post-Cold War World, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 23 June 1994</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8434260.stm">"US rejects Russian missile shield concerns"</a>. BBC News. 29 December 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090323031038/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090317/ts_afp/russianatomilitarynuclear">"Medvedev orders large-scale Russian rearmament"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090317/ts_afp/russianatomilitarynuclear">the original</a> on 23 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2009" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/world/europe/05russia.html">"U.S. Negotiator Signals Flexibility Toward Moscow Over New Round of Arms Talks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8136918.stm">"US and Russia agree nuclear cuts"</a>. 6 July 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBakerBarry2010" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter; Barry, Ellen (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/25/world/europe/25start.html">"Russia and U.S. Report Breakthrough on Arms"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early March 2010 <a href="Ukrainian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian President">Ukrainian President</a> <a href="Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> had proposed to both Russia and the US to sign the treaty in <a href="Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, the <a href="Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/61829/">Ukraine awaiting reply to offer of Kyiv as venue for Russia-U.S. arms cuts deal signing</a>, <a href="Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (16 March 2010)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ciaonet.org-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciaonet.org_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciaonet.org_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciaonet.org_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia International Affairs Online, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ciaonet.org/record/18773?search=1">http://www.ciaonet.org/record/18773?search=1</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-start2009b-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-start2009b_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-start2009b_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/130361.pdf">"Technical Difficulties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2009-2017.state.gov</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-start2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-start2009_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-start2009_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/121251.pdf">"Technical Difficulties"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2009-2017.state.gov</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-start2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-start2008_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-start2008_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503060154/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-Archive-040108-START.cfm">"Russia - START Aggregate Numbers of Strategic Offensive Arms - JRL 4-1-08"</a>. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-start1990-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-start1990_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-start1990_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuke.fas.org/control/start1/news/strtdata.htm">"START I"</a>. <i>nuke.fas.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Polen, Stuart. "START I: A Retrospective." <i>Illinois Journal of International Security</i> 3.1 (2017): 21–36 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugresearchjournals.illinois.edu/index.php/IJOIS/article/download/503/470">online</a>.</li>

<li>Tachibana, Seiitsu. "Bush Administration's Nuclear Weapons Policy: New Obstacles to Nuclear Disarmament." <i>Hiroshima Peace Science</i> 24 (2002): 105–133.</li>

<li>Woolf, Amy F. <i>Nuclear Arms Control: The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</i> (Diane Publishing, 2010).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/global/arms/starthtm/start/start1.html">START1 treaty text</a>, from US State Department</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718224210/http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-pamphlets/ep870-1-49/start.pdf">Engineer Memoirs - Lieutenant General Edward L. Rowny, ambassador for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (START)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomwaffena-z.info/glossar/s/s-texte/artikel/be0c8732a11295b5edb806cc52c70ff7/start-i-vertrag.html">Atomwaffen A-Z Glossareintrag zu START-I-Vertrag</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Soviet_Union&#124;link=Soviet_Union_Soviet_Union–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"></a></span></span> <a href="Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Embassy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embassy_of_Russia%2C_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Soviet Ambassadors</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_ambassador's_residence_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.">Mrs. George Pullman House</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Moscow</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia">US Ambassadors</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaso_House" title="Spaso House">Spaso House</a></li>

<li><a href="Embassy_of_the_United_States%2C_Kuybyshev" title="Embassy of the United States, Kuybyshev">Kuybyshev</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Consulates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Henry_Hammond_House" title="John Henry Hammond House">John Hammond House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_Russia%2C_San_Francisco" title="Consulate General of Russia, San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Saint_Petersburg" title="Consulate General of the United States, Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Consulate_General_of_the_United_States%2C_Vladivostok" title="Consulate General of the United States, Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Mission_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations">Headquarters</a>

<ul><li><a href="Permanent_Representative_of_Russia_to_the_United_Nations#Permanent_Representatives_of_the_Soviet_Union_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations">Representatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Mission_Residency" title="Russian Mission Residency">Russian Mission Residency</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Elmcroft_Estate" title="Elmcroft Estate">Elmcroft Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Killenworth" title="Killenworth">Killenworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Lothrop_Mansion" title="Lothrop Mansion">Lothrop Mansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_Point%2C_Maryland" title="Pioneer Point, Maryland">Pioneer Point</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits#World_War_II_/_Allies_of_World_War_II" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">World War II<br>Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Declaration_of_the_Four_Nations" title="Declaration of the Four Nations">Declaration of the Four Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lend-Lease_Sherman_tanks" title="Lend-Lease Sherman tanks">Lend-Lease Sherman tanks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1941)" title="Moscow Conference (1941)">Moscow Conference (1941)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1942)" title="Moscow Conference (1942)">Moscow Conference (1942)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference (1943)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Moscow Conference (1944)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1945)" title="Moscow Conference (1945)">Moscow Conference (1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits#Cold_War" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Cold War<br>Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1973_United_States%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_wheat_deal" title="1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal">1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Conference_(1954)" title="Berlin Conference (1954)">Berlin Conference (1954)</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinating_Committee_for_Multilateral_Export_Controls" title="Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls">Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_for_American%E2%80%93Soviet_Trade" title="Council for American–Soviet Trade">Council for American–Soviet Trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Dartmouth_Conference" title="Dartmouth Conference">Dartmouth Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Eighteen_Nation_Committee_on_Disarmament" title="Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament">Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Accords_(1988)" title="Geneva Accords (1988)">Geneva Accords (1988)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Conference_(1973)" title="Geneva Conference (1973)">Geneva Conference (1973)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">Geneva Summit (1985)</a></li>

<li><a href="Glassboro_Summit_Conference" title="Glassboro Summit Conference">Glassboro Summit Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Governors_Island_Summit" title="Governors Island Summit">Governors Island Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit (1990)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacy-Zarubin_Agreement" title="Lacy-Zarubin Agreement">Lacy-Zarubin Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Madrid_peace_conference_letter_of_invitation" title="Madrid peace conference letter of invitation">Letter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">Moscow Summit (1972)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1974)" title="Moscow Summit (1974)">Moscow Summit (1974)</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow Summit (1988)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutual_and_Balanced_Force_Reductions" title="Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions">Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions</a></li>

<li><a href="NATO_Double-Track_Decision" title="NATO Double-Track Decision">NATO Double-Track Decision</a></li>

<li><a href="Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li>

<li><a href="State_visit_by_Nikita_Khrushchev_to_the_United_States" title="State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States">State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_135" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 135">United Nations Security Council Resolution 135</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_restitution_to_the_Soviet_Union" title="United States restitution to the Soviet Union">United States restitution to the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="US/USSR_Joint_Statement_on_Uniform_Acceptance_of_Rules_of_International_Law_Governing_Innocent_Passage" title="US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage">US/USSR Acceptance of Law Governing Innocent Passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington Summit (1987)</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Summit_(1973)" title="Washington Summit (1973)">Washington Summit (1973)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li>

<li><a href="Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li>

<li><a href="Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Welles_Declaration" title="Welles Declaration">Welles Declaration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Triangular_diplomacy" title="Triangular diplomacy">Triangular diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero_Option" title="Zero Option">Zero Option</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1989_visit_by_Boris_Yeltsin_to_the_United_States" title="1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States">1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li>

<li><a href="And_you_are_lynching_Negroes" title="And you are lynching Negroes">And you are lynching Negroes</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">Evil Empire speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuzma's_mother" title="Kuzma's mother">Kuzma's mother</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoe-banging_incident" title="Shoe-banging incident">Shoe-banging incident</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Military_Power" title="Soviet Military Power">Soviet Military Power publication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical<br>Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia–United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire–United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Treaties and<br>Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Arms Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">1990 Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li>

<li><a href="Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="McCloy%E2%80%93Zorin_Accords" title="McCloy–Zorin Accords">McCloy–Zorin Accords</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="USSR%E2%80%93USA_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement">USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Wanfried_agreement" title="Wanfried agreement">Wanfried agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Declarations" title="Moscow Declarations">Moscow Declarations</a></li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Soviet_Incidents_at_Sea_agreement" title="U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement">U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Executive_Order_8484" title="Executive Order 8484">Executive Order 8484</a></li>

<li><a href="Former_Soviet_Union_Demilitarization_Act_of_1992" title="Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992">Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992</a></li>

<li><a href="FRIENDSHIP_Act_of_1993" title="FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993">FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Nuclear_Threat_Reduction_Act_of_1991" title="Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991">Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion satellites</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_782" title="Kosmos 782">Kosmos 782</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_936" title="Kosmos 936">Kosmos 936</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1129" title="Kosmos 1129">Kosmos 1129</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1514" title="Kosmos 1514">Kosmos 1514</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1667" title="Kosmos 1667">Kosmos 1667</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_1887" title="Kosmos 1887">Kosmos 1887</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2044" title="Kosmos 2044">Kosmos 2044</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="TOPAZ_nuclear_reactor#TOPAZ-I" title="TOPAZ nuclear reactor">TOPAZ-I</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93Soviet_Space_Bridge" title="U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge">U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Yardymly_(meteorite)" title="Yardymly (meteorite)">Yardymly</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="International_Conference_of_Laser_Applications" title="International Conference of Laser Applications">International Conference of Laser Applications</a></li>

<li><a href="Shvetsov_M-25" title="Shvetsov M-25">Shvetsov M-25</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chess</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="US_vs._USSR_radio_chess_match_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945">US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">World Chess Championship 1972</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-American_School_of_Moscow" title="Anglo-American School of Moscow">Anglo-American School of Moscow</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-American_School_of_St._Petersburg" title="Anglo-American School of St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Cultural_Center" title="Russian Cultural Center">Russian Cultural Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Embassy_School_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.">Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Mission_School_in_New_York" title="Russian Mission School in New York">Russian Mission School in New York</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika (magazine)</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Black_(1986_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Black (1986 book)">Deep Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Eagles_East" title="Eagles East">Eagles East</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Russian Life</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovfoto" title="Sovfoto">Sovfoto</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Admiral's_Daughter" title="The Admiral's Daughter">The Admiral's Daughter</a></li>

<li><a href="X_Article" title="X Article">X Article</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Radio / Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ordinary_People_(The_Box_song)" title="Ordinary People (The Box song)">Ordinary People</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1972_Olympic_men's_basketball_final" title="1972 Olympic men's basketball final">1972 Olympic men's basketball final</a></li>

<li><a href="1976_Philadelphia_Flyers%E2%80%93Red_Army_game" title="1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game">1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasnost_Bowl" title="Glasnost Bowl">Glasnost Bowl</a></li>

<li><a href="Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Miracle_on_Ice" title="Miracle on Ice">Miracle on Ice</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_Series" title="Super Series">Super Series</a></li>

<li><a href="USA%E2%80%93USSR_Track_and_Field_Dual_Meet_Series" title="USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series">USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">TV / Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_to_Be..._a_Family" title="Free to Be... a Family">Free to Be... a Family</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Soviet_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalingrad_(1990_film)" title="Stalingrad (1990 film)">Stalingrad</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Mr._West_in_the_Land_of_the_Bolsheviks" title="The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks">The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_National_Exhibition" title="American National Exhibition">American National Exhibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo-Soyuz_(cigarette)" title="Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette)">Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette)</a></li>

<li><a href="In_Soviet_Georgia" title="In Soviet Georgia">In Soviet Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Interview_Project" title="Soviet Interview Project">Soviet Interview Project</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Coke" title="White Coke">White Coke</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Espionage</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation#Soviet_Union" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviets</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Atomic spies</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Anadyr" title="Operation Anadyr">Operation Anadyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Breakthrough" title="Operation Breakthrough">Operation Breakthrough</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cedar" title="Operation Cedar">Operation Cedar</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Chrome_Dome" title="Operation Chrome Dome">Operation Chrome Dome</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Dropshot" title="Operation Dropshot">Operation Dropshot</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Giant_Lance" title="Operation Giant Lance">Operation Giant Lance</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Gold" title="Operation Gold">Operation Gold</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Ivy_Bells" title="Operation Ivy Bells">Operation Ivy Bells</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation Keelhaul</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Lincoln" title="Operation Lincoln">Operation Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Monopoly" title="Operation Monopoly">Operation Monopoly</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Safe_Haven_(1957)" title="Operation Safe Haven (1957)">Operation Safe Haven (1957)</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Sunrise_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Sunrise (World War II)">Operation Sunrise</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Coldfeet" title="Project Coldfeet">Project Coldfeet</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Genetrix" title="Project Genetrix">Project Genetrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Grab_Bag" title="Project Grab Bag">Project Grab Bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_HOMERUN" title="Project HOMERUN">Project HOMERUN</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Moby_Dick" title="Project Moby Dick">Project Moby Dick</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Mogul" title="Project Mogul">Project Mogul</a></li>

<li><a href="Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="7th_Air_Escadrille" title="7th Air Escadrille">7th Air Escadrille</a></li>

<li><a href="Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomber_gap" title="Bomber gap">Bomber gap</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_activities_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="CIA activities in the Soviet Union">CIA activities in the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_War_tensions_and_the_polio_vaccine" title="Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine">Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrophenyl_pentadienal" title="Nitrophenyl pentadienal">Nitrophenyl pentadienal</a></li>

<li><a href="Plan_Totality" title="Plan Totality">Plan Totality</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheldon_names" title="Sheldon names">Sheldon names</a></li>

<li><a href="Smolensk_Archive" title="Smolensk Archive">Smolensk Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Moscow_rules" title="The Moscow rules">The Moscow rules</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_aerial_reconnaissance_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union">United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_war_plans_(1945%E2%80%931950)" title="United States war plans (1945–1950)">United States war plans (1945–1950)</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B" title="U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B">U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gorin_v._United_States" title="Gorin v. United States">Gorin v. United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Ni%C5%A1_incident" title="Niš incident">Niš incident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1958_C-130_shootdown_incident" title="1958 C-130 shootdown incident">1958 C-130 shootdown incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1960_RB-47_shootdown_incident" title="1960 RB-47 shootdown incident">1960 RB-47 shootdown incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1961_F-84_Thunderstreak_incident" title="1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident">1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1964_T-39_shootdown_incident" title="1964 T-39 shootdown incident">1964 T-39 shootdown incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li>

<li><a href="1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident" title="1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident">1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li>

<li><a href="1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li>

<li><a href="1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autumn_Forge_83" title="Autumn Forge 83">Autumn Forge 83</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aeroflot_Flight_244" title="Aeroflot Flight 244">Aeroflot Flight 244</a></li>

<li><a href="Air-to-air_combat_losses_between_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_United_States" title="Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States">Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrest_of_Mark_Kaminsky_and_Harvey_Bennett" title="Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett">Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_D._Nicholson" title="Arthur D. Nicholson">Arthur D. Nicholson</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Crisis_of_1958%E2%80%931959" title="Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959">Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Crateology" title="Crateology">Crateology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambell_incident" title="Gambell incident">Gambell incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollow_Nickel_Case" title="Hollow Nickel Case">Hollow Nickel Case</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Anthony_Walker" title="John Anthony Walker">John Anthony Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasenkina_Case" title="Kasenkina Case">Kasenkina Case</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_and_Mitchell_defection" title="Martin and Mitchell defection">Martin and Mitchell defection</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Signal" title="Moscow Signal">Moscow Signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan_Am_Flight_708" title="Pan Am Flight 708">Pan Am Flight 708</a></li>

<li><a href="Seaboard_World_Airlines_Flight_253A" title="Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A">Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A</a></li>

<li><a href="Shostakovich_v._Twentieth_Century-Fox_Film_Corp." title="Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.">Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Seven" title="Siberian Seven">Siberian Seven</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)" title="Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)">Soviet submarine K-129</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_submarine_K-219" title="Soviet submarine K-219">Soviet submarine K-219</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Metallurg_Anosov" title="SS Metallurg Anosov">SS Metallurg Anosov</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_grain_embargo_against_the_Soviet_Union" title="United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union">United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Urengoy%E2%80%93Pomary%E2%80%93Uzhhorod_pipeline" title="Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline">Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes" title="We begin bombing in five minutes">We begin bombing in five minutes</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_rain" title="Yellow rain">Yellow rain</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeniseysk-15" title="Yeniseysk-15">Yeniseysk-15</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Russian<br>Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Expeditionary_Force%2C_North_Russia" title="American Expeditionary Force, North Russia">American Expeditionary Force, North Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Expeditionary_Force%2C_Siberia" title="American Expeditionary Force, Siberia">American Expeditionary Force, Siberia</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_and_the_Russian_Revolution" title="United States and the Russian Revolution">United States and the Russian Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_Kommandatura" title="Allied Kommandatura">Allied Kommandatura</a></li>

<li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied technological cooperation during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="ALSIB" title="ALSIB">ALSIB</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys of World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Belorussia-class_cargo_ship" title="Belorussia-class cargo ship">Belorussia-class cargo ship</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Victory_Parade_of_1945" title="Berlin Victory Parade of 1945">Berlin Victory Parade of 1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li>

<li><a href="Line_of_Contact" title="Line of Contact">Line of Contact</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Staging_Route" title="Northwest Staging Route">Northwest Staging Route</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacific_Route" title="Pacific Route">Pacific Route</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Dakotan" title="SS Dakotan">SS Dakotan</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Iowan" title="SS Iowan">SS Iowan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripartite_Naval_Commission" title="Tripartite Naval Commission">Tripartite Naval Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_West_Bridge" title="USS West Bridge">USS West Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_airlift" title="Warsaw airlift">Warsaw airlift</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Power_Naval_Commission" title="Four Power Naval Commission">Four Power Naval Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-Power_Authorities" title="Four-Power Authorities">Four-Power Authorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_liaison_missions" title="Military liaison missions">Military liaison missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Holland-class_submarine" title="American Holland-class submarine">AG submarines</a></li>

<li><a href="Bell_P-63_Kingcobra" title="Bell P-63 Kingcobra">Bell P-63 Kingcobra</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_the_AK-47_and_M16" title="Comparison of the AK-47 and M16">Comparison of the AK-47 and M16</a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Indigirka" title="SS Indigirka">SS Indigirka</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupolev_Tu-4" title="Tupolev Tu-4">Tupolev Tu-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupolev_Tu-70" title="Tupolev Tu-70">Tupolev Tu-70</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupolev_Tu-80" title="Tupolev Tu-80">Tupolev Tu-80</a></li>

<li><a href="USCGC_Southwind" title="USCGC Southwind">USCGC Southwind</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amtorg_Trading_Corporation" title="Amtorg Trading Corporation">Amtorg Trading Corporation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ansonia_Clock_Company" title="Ansonia Clock Company">Ansonia Clock Company</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_for_Social_Inventions" title="Foundation for Social Inventions">Foundation for Social Inventions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gennady_Alferenko" title="Gennady Alferenko">Gennady Alferenko</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_US_and_Canadian_Studies" title="Institute for US and Canadian Studies">Institute for US and Canadian Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Soviet_Government_Bureau" title="Russian Soviet Government Bureau">Russian Soviet Government Bureau</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Government_Purchasing_Commission_in_the_U.S." title="Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S.">Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S.</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ark_Project" title="Ark Project">Ark Project</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Peace_Mobilization" title="American Peace Mobilization">American Peace Mobilization</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Russian_Institute" title="American Russian Institute">American Russian Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="American%E2%80%93Soviet_friendship_movement" title="American–Soviet friendship movement">American–Soviet friendship movement</a></li>

<li><a href="American-Soviet_Peace_Walks" title="American-Soviet Peace Walks">American-Soviet Peace Walks</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Citizen_Initiatives" title="Center for Citizen Initiatives">Center for Citizen Initiatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li>

<li><a href="Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li>

<li><a href="Friends_of_Soviet_Russia" title="Friends of Soviet Russia">Friends of Soviet Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendship_Flight_'89" title="Friendship Flight '89">Friendship Flight '89</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendship_Flight_(Alaska_Airlines)" title="Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines)">Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fund_for_Armenian_Relief" title="Fund for Armenian Relief">Fund for Armenian Relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennan_Institute" title="Kennan Institute">Kennan Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Kersten_Committee" title="Kersten Committee">Kersten Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Council_of_American%E2%80%93Soviet_Friendship" title="National Council of American–Soviet Friendship">National Council of American–Soviet Friendship</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_for_Jewish_Colonization_in_Russia" title="Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia">Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian-American_Industrial_Corporation" title="Russian-American Industrial Corporation">Russian-American Industrial Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_War_Relief" title="Russian War Relief">Russian War Relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Technical_Aid_to_Soviet_Russia" title="Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia">Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Commission_on_the_Ukraine_Famine" title="U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine">U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Peace_Council" title="U.S. Peace Council">U.S. Peace Council</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baltic_Freedom_Day" title="Baltic Freedom Day">Baltic Freedom Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Captive_Nations_Week" title="Captive Nations Week">Captive Nations Week</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Georgi_Bolshakov" title="Georgi Bolshakov">Georgi Bolshakov</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_Joe_(electric_locomotive)" title="Little Joe (electric locomotive)">Little Joe</a></li>

<li><a href="New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">New world order (politics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a></li>

<li><a href="Roswell_Garst" title="Roswell Garst">Roswell Garst</a></li>

<li><a href="Samantha_Smith" title="Samantha Smith">Samantha Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-propelled_barge_T-36" title="Self-propelled barge T-36">Self-propelled barge T-36</a></li>

<li><a href="Sisson_Documents" title="Sisson Documents">Sisson Documents</a></li>

<li><a href="Sovereignty_of_Puerto_Rico_during_the_Cold_War" title="Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War">Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzanne_Massie" title="Suzanne Massie">Suzanne Massie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Soviet Union–United States relations</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_weapons_limitation_treaties172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_weapons_limitation_treaties172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nuclear weapons limitation treaties</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1963 <a href="Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li>

<li>1968 <a href="Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li>

<li>1969 <a href="Treaty_of_Tlatelolco" title="Treaty of Tlatelolco">Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li>

<li>1972 <a href="Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li>

<li>1974 <a href="Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li>

<li>1970s <a href="Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li>

<li>1971 <a href="Seabed_Arms_Control_Treaty" title="Seabed Arms Control Treaty">Seabed Arms Control Treaty</a></li>

<li>1976 <a href="Peaceful_Nuclear_Explosions_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty">Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty</a></li>

<li>1985 <a href="Treaty_of_Rarotonga" title="Treaty of Rarotonga">South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty</a></li>

<li>1987 <a href="Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a></li>

<li>1993 <a href="START_II" title="START II">START II</a></li>

<li>1994 <a href="United_States_%E2%80%93_Russia_mutual_detargeting" title="United States – Russia mutual detargeting">United States – Russia mutual detargeting</a></li>

<li>1995 <a href="Southeast_Asian_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty" title="Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty">Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty</a></li>

<li>1996 <a href="Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> (not in force)</li>

<li>1996 <a href="African_Nuclear-Weapon-Free_Zone_Treaty" title="African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty">African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty</a></li>

<li>1997 <a href="START_III" title="START III">START III</a></li>

<li>2002 <a href="Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></li>

<li>2009 <a href="Central_Asian_Nuclear_Weapon_Free_Zone" title="Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone">Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone</a></li>

<li>2010 <a href="New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li>

<li>2017 <a href="Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History of nuclear weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_nuclear_weapons_development" title="Timeline of nuclear weapons development">Timeline of nuclear weapons development</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">Nuclear deterrence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Nuclear weapons delivery</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Nuclear ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Nuclear proliferation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category:Arms control treaties</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata846" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931492#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata846" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/178009917">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/199741679">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2150565602406252453">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4792394-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no92002731">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1498562806522">Norway</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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